Rethinking School Space-Time: The FORCES classroom, a flexible environment mediating learning, technology and collaboration
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract
This practice report addresses the shift from teacher-centered instruction to student-centered learning, highlighting how traditional classroom layouts often hinder this pedagogical approach. It details the "FORCES Classroom" project at L’Odyssée-des-Jeunes high school, which transformed a 1970s classroom into a modern environment for the 2024 school year. A key innovation of this initiative was the involvement of interior design vocational students in the conception and realization phases. The report discusses the challenges overcome during this five-year process, offering a reproducible model for other educational settings.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Allam, E. A., Ibrahim, A. H. et Bakr, A. R. (2021). Nature patterns forming through the concept of biological mimicking in interior design and furniture. International Design Journal, 11(1), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.21608/idj.2021.132659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/idj.2021.132659
Barrett, P., Davies, F., Zhang, Y. et Barrett, L. (2015). The impact of classroom design on pupils' learning: Final results of a holistic, multi-level analysis. Building and environment, 89, 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.013
Bratman, G. N., Bembibre, C., Daily, G. C., Doty, R. L., Hummel, T., Jacobs, L. F., Kahn, P. H., Jr., Lashus, C., Majid, A. et Miller, J. D. (2024). Nature and human well-being: The olfactory pathway. Science Advances, 10(20), eadn3028. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn3028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn3028
Colenberg, S. et Jylhä, T. (2022). Identifying interior design strategies for healthy workplaces–a literature review. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 24(3), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-12-2020-0068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-12-2020-0068
Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C. M., Humphries, T., Raab, M. et Roper, N. (2001). Contrasting approaches to natural learning environment interventions. Infants & Young Children, 14(2), 48-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001163-200114020-00007
El-Ghobashy, S. et Mosaad, G. (2016). Nature influences on architecture interior designs. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 34, 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.050
Erbil, D. G. (2020). A review of flipped classroom and cooperative learning method within the context of Vygotsky theory. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01157
Jonnaert, P. et M'Batika, A. (2004). Les réformes curriculaires: regards croisés (vol. 15). PUQ. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000204447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18pgpkm
Kariippanon, K. E., Cliff, D. P., Ellis, Y. G., Ucci, M., Okely, A. D. et Parrish, A. M. (2021). School flexible learning spaces, student movement behavior and educational outcomes among adolescents: A mixed‐methods systematic review. Journal of School Health, 91(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12984
Landry, S. (2024). Successes and failures in curriculum reforms: a case study of Québec’s system-wide curriculum reform (1996-2022) [mémoire de maitrise, University of Windsor, Canada]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14776/8650
Landry, S. (2026). L’apport des outils technologiques pour l’apprentissage par progression conditionnelle des mathématiques, une promesse inachevée. Médiations et médiatisations, (24). https://doi.org/10.52358/mm.vi24.514
Leroux, M., Bergeron, L., Turcotte, S., Deschênes, G., Smith, J., Malboeuf-Hurtubise, C., Riel, J., Bergeron, J. et Berrigan, F. (2021). Flexible classroom layout: the point of view of elementary school teachers in Quebec. Revue Education et Socialisation, (59). https://doi.org/10.4000/edso.13585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/edso.13585
Løkken, I. M., Campbell, J. A., Dale, P. S. et Kucirkova, N. I. (2025). Exploring the sense of smell in shared digital book reading: An experiment. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 8, 100430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100430
Ma, Y. (2022). The influence of ambient aroma on middle school students' academic emotions. International journal of psychology, 57(3), 387-392. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12827
Manca, S., Cerina, V., Tobia, V., Sacchi, S. et Fornara, F. (2020, 23 avril). The Effect of School Design on Users’ Responses: A Systematic Review (2008–2017). Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083453 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083453
Mathou, C. (2019). Réformes par compétences et gouvernance par les résultats: mouvements convergents ou en tension? Le cas du Renouveau pédagogique au Québec. Éducation et sociétés, 43(1), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.3917/es.043.0155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/es.043.0155
Piaget, J. (1976). Piaget’s theory. Dans Inhelder, B., Chipman, H.H., Zwingmann, C. (dir.), Piaget and his school: A reader in developmental psychology (p. 11-23). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46323-5_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46323-5_2
Roy, N. (2014). La classe inversée: une pédagogie renversante? Le tableau, 3(1). https://docutheque.uquebec.ca/id/eprint/118
Samani, S. A. et Samani, S. A. (2012). The impact of indoor lighting on students' learning performance in learning environments: A knowledge internalization perspective. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24). https://ijbss.thebrpi.org/journal/index/1743
Shishegar, N. et Boubekri, M. (2016). Natural light and productivity: Analyzing the impacts of daylighting on students’ and workers’ health and alertness. International Journal of Advances in Chemical Engineering and Biological Sciences, 3(1), 72-77. https://www.iicbe.org/upload/4635AE0416104.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.15242/IJACEBS.AE0416104
Strelan, P., Osborn, A. et Palmer, E. (2020). The flipped classroom: A meta-analysis of effects on student performance across disciplines and education levels. Educational Research Review, 30, 100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100314
Sulistyowati, E., Hukom, J. et Muhtadi, A. (2023). Meta-analysis of flipped classroom on students' mathematics abilities: effectiveness and heterogeneity analysis. JTP-Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 25(2), 140-159. https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v25i2.27433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v25i2.27433
Van Alten, D. C., Phielix, C., Janssen, J. et Kester, L. (2019). Effects of flipping the classroom on learning outcomes and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 28, 100281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.05.003
Vygotsky, L. S. et Cole, M. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard university press.
Yakar, Z. Y. (2021). The effect of flipped learning model on primary and secondary school students' mathematics achievement: A meta-analysis study. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 50(2), 1329-1366. https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.865337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.865337